Introduction to organic chemistry (not 7.1, but should come first imo)

_{yknow this seems like the branch of chem i'll actually enjoy}

- Organic chemistry: The study of molecules made from chains of carbon atoms covalently bonded together.
- Hydrocarbon: A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon only.
- Saturated molecule: An organic molecule wtih no carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g. C=C).
- Homologous series: Molecules that have the same functional group but differ by the addition of a CH₂.
- Functional group: The atoms in an organic molecule that react. They determine the chemical properties of the molecule.

Alkanes

- Name: words (IUPAC [International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; you dont need to know that dw])
-     e.g. methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
-     also known as alkanes
- Molecular formula: how many of each atom in the molecule
-     e.g. CH₄, C₂H₆
- Empirical formula: Simple whole number ratio
-     e.g. CH₄, CH₃
- Displayed/structural formula: Draw out the structure showing the covalent bonds
-     e.g. stick diagram (for C₂H₆):
Stick diagram of C2H6
- General formula: all molecules in the same homologous series share a general formula (algebraic)
-     The general formula for the homologous series of alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

Functional groups

- C=C being present means alkene.
- OH being present means alcohol.
- O=C-OH being present means carbonic acid.
- O=C-O being present means ester.
- Alkanes _do not_ have functional groups.
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they consist only of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms with single bonds between the carbon atoms.
- Despite this, we say the functional group in an alkane is just C-C, but they don't really have one.
- Numbering of aklanes is: Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Hept-, Oct-, Non-, Dec-

Alkanes - Functional group C-C

No. of carbons	Name	Molecular formula
1	Methane	CH₄
2	Ethane	C₂H₆
3	Propane	C₃H₈
4	Butane	C₄H₁₀

Alkenes - Functional group C=C

No. of carbons	Name	Molecular formula
2	Ethylene	C₂H₄
3	Propene	C₃H₆
4	Butene	C₄H₈

Alcohols - Functional Group -OH

No. of carbons	Name	Molecular formula
1	Methanol	CH₃OH
2	Ethanol	C₂H₅OH
3	Propanol	C₃H₇OH
4	Butanol	C₄H₉OH

notice the pattern - an extra carbon with two hydrogens attached to it per number

Carboxylic acids - Functional Group -COOH

No. of carbons	Name	Molecular formula
1	Methanoic Acid	HCOOH
2	Ethanoic Acid	CH₃COOH
3	Propanoic Acid	C₂H₅COOH
4	Butanoic Acid	C₃H₇COOH